Evaluating TQM of Emirates Airlines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Evaluating TQM of Emirates Airlines - Essay Example By providing a skeletal support for the strategies, it will be easy to allocate resources to the important goals respectively without wastage of precious resources. They also make the task easier for ever employee as it makes clear what they have to do or aim to do and they will be motivated towards a strategy. (Basil Henry Liddell Hart, 1967) Mission and vision of Emirates: The mission statement of Emirates is: â€Å"To become a leading airline with good customer relations by encouraging transparency and fair competition and adopting open skies policy.† The vision of Emirates is: â€Å"To become a leading airline by setting new industry standards that has focus on innovation, diversity and customer service.† Strategies and Goals †¢ To become a global airline and carrier of choice all over the world. †¢ To promote UAE especially Dubai as one of the safest, modern, technologically advanced. Progressive and modern commercial centers of the world. †¢ To encourage sustainability and economic efficiency through various programs †¢ To encourage diversity by having multi-cultural staff †¢ To develop and train employees and provide them opportunities to enhance their skills. To apply and develop new technologies internally as well as in the services and products that are offered t the customers. To expand and grow in the new markets. Core Competencies The core competencies of Emirates include its: Strong leverage to brands: Focus on marketing and promoting the brands by investing on them Competitive cost structure: Focus on low costs so as to offer low fares. Spoke and hub operation: The mega hub of Emirates Airlines is at Dubai International Airport that is the centre connecting the whole world. (Emirates, n.d.) Strategic Control Strategic control is very important to monitor the internal and external environment. It helps in evaluating the company’s programs from a long term perspective. For Emirates it is very important to systematically and continuously check the implementation of plans, monitor all the events that take place inside and outside the company in all situations. (Porter, 1996) Stakeholder analysis Government: Government of UAE is the major stakeholder of Emirates Airline as it is also one of the owners of the company. They have high power and are very much interested in the operations of the company. The government has the authority to build pressure and question the decisions. The government is so much involved with the company that it created a liberal market for the Airline to operate in Fast east Share holders: they are the people who have bought the shares of Emirates. They have high level of interest in the affairs of the business as they have invested their money, but they have low level of power. It is very important to develop engagement strategy for them and keep them informed about the activities. Employees: employees are one of the main stakeholders of a company as they have the power that can either make the company or break it. They are directly linked to the company. It is thus very important to keep them satisfied by providing training and development opportunities, good compensations and a good environment. Their needs should be catered and taken care of. Customers: without the customers a company cannot survive. Customers thus are very important and play a very important role. They have the power to influence the company and its success. Strategies should be made to keep the customers engaged and updated about the products and services. Public: on a larger scale the

Legalizing marijuana Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Legalizing marijuana - Research Paper Example A number of possible arguments for its legalization are also refuted in support of the actual and feared social, health and economic effects. The more immediate social effect of legalization marijuana production and use would be the higher chances for more crimes which could really have its related health and economic effects. If sins are the enemies of heaven, crimes are the enemies of a just and peaceful society. Thus legalizing the marijuana would have the effect of increasing the number of drug-related crimes. It is argued by those who favour legalization of the marijuana argues that the use and production domestically were not addressed by long practice of prohibiting the same. It is claimed by some supporters that despite the use of criminal penalties to prevent the use of hemp or marijuana for three quarters of a century, there still existed millions of users, which to them should be considered an evidence of such failure of prohibiting its free use and production (â€Å"420 Campaign – Top Ten Reasons Marijuana Should Be Legal†). Said claim essentially rested on the premise that people will not fear what is beneficial even in the eyes of threat of imprisonment. The validity of the above claims by the supporter of legalization become doubtful when the fallacy of the claim is exposes. The continued number of users via illegal means cannot be evidence of its failure since choosing to violate existing laws is still part of human. The fact that the substance is being used by a number people despite its being prohibited does not mean that prohibiting the same has become less effective. On the other hand, claims of success for such prohibition can be supported with crimes continued to be drug-related. It could therefore be countered that had there been no prohibition on the use and production of marijuana the greater would have been the number of crimes and therefore social effects would have been

Eragon Essay Example for Free

Eragon Essay Often, heroic characters have to make tough choices in life; occasionally, the result of said choices is not to the individual’s benefit, but the outcome may bring joy to other people’s lives. In Christopher Paolini’s Eragon, coincidences, decisions, and desires combine to change Eragon’s life forever. Eragon is a hard working farm boy who shows a great deal of patience, honesty, and curiosity. He showcases these skills when hunting for food, and by coincidence he discovers a mysterious blue stone which he decides, out of curiosity, to take home with him. This â€Å"egg†, which happens to hatch into a dragon; this discovery becomes a turning point in Eragon’s life and he knows it could enable his way out of a long and tedious life. In fact, Eragon’s decision to keep and ultimately raise the dragon triggers his transformation from a boy to a dragon rider; forever altering his destiny, he will have to travel and meet new people. He will have to make sacrifices and must accept the consequences to bring peace to Alagaesia; and he will make the inevitable choice of raising this dragon (Saphira) and training himself and his dragon to kill the Ra’zac and overthrow the Empire. In this commitment, Eragon shows that a point in a person’s life where an event dramatically changes who or what he/she will become. Eragon’s decisions bring consequences and responsibilities’ compel him to fight for something in life and stand up for what one believes in. People can lead their lives one way and know what their destiny might be, only to have coincidences alter their lives for the better, or the worst. As Eragon’s quest begins he shows how any person with desire, passion, and hard work can prove himself to be a man of honour, and bravery. Coincidences can lead someone to meet different people, and see new places. A person’s life can ultimately be altered because of one coincidence and can change the course of his/her life in a good or bad way. Eragon’s life takes a dramatic turn after coincidently finding the egg while hunting for food, for his family. After finding the egg and realizing it is a dragon Eragon knows he has to do what he was destined to do: train Saphira and overthrow the Empire. â€Å"He raced home, trying to escape the dragon my dragon† (pg. 6) This mindset of Eragon shows that as much as he wants to escape the dragon, he can’t because he has made a special bond with the dragon and will inevitably raise her as his own, and because Eragon’s eye that catches the stone in the forest leads him to become the next dragon rider and to overthrow the evil reign of King Galbatorix. Also by coincidence, there is a story teller (Brom) who lives in Eragon’s village who has a great deal of knowledge about dragons and magic, and decides to aid Eragon in his journey. After Eragon is aware that Brom is willing to help him, this pushes Eragon to make the decision and to take the responsibility as the next dragon rider. Eragon learns a great deal from Brom, who becomes one of his closest friends who also ends up being a dragon rider many years ago. Being the good friends they become Brom aids him and Eragon has the knowledge and strength to defeat Durza (Galbatorix’s Shade). When captured by the Ra’zac and almost being killed, another coincidence occurs when a mysterious figure scares away the Ra’zac saving Eragon’s, Brom’s and Saphira’s lives. This mysterious person, whose name is Murtagh, also joins Eragon in his journey and assists him in killing the Ra’zac. This coincidence results in Murtagh saving Eragon’s life and continuing their journey, as well finding a helper in Murtagh to support him in his journey. †Who are you? † â€Å"Murtagh† (pg. 268) Not only does Murtagh save their lives but he plays a big role in helping Eragon, but shows how without Murtagh he would not make it as far as he did. Knowing Brom dies shortly after) Making a decision can alter someone’s life forever, and there is no going back especially when the decisions affects other people’s lives as well, making the decisions irreversible. Eragon makes the decision to keep the egg and when it hatches and to raise Saphira as his own, this leads to the Ra’zac coming to his doorstep and killing his uncle. This is a significant event because Eragon’s uncle was practically his father and making the decision to keep the egg results in his uncle’s death, and without him he feels lost; however, the bond he creates with Saphira is so immense, that only death can break it. The Empire is alerted that Eragon has the egg, and the send the Ra’zac to retrieve the egg back for the King. Making the decision to keep the egg is what instigates his entire journey and creates that special bond with his dragon. Eragon makes the decision to pursue the killers to avenge his uncle’s death and to bring peace to Alagaesia. He changes his life by pursuing the Ra’zac wanting the satisfaction of doing to the Ra’zac what they did to his uncle and feeling obligated to his uncle for all that he has done in his life to apprehend the murderers â€Å"What do you want me to do ursue the strangers? † (pg. 92) He asks this of Saphira, who agrees with Eragon to pursue the strangers. With this one decision of following the killers, he changes his life dramatically and if he succeeds, he can change everybody’s life for the better. Eragon decides that he cannot continue his journey without more help, so he travels to the Beor Mountains to seek help from the Varden, a rebellious group also against the Empire. After Brom dies, Murtagh helps him; however, this is not enough after he knows he has too many enemies: Urgals, the Ra’zac and Durza the shade. It is a desperate path to take We are desperate† (pg. 320). This decision is a great benefit to Eragon because he gets all the help he needs, meets the person who has been in his dreams in Arya (an elf from the Varden who is trapped) and eventually kills Durza. When a person desires something in life, he/she will do whatever it takes to achieve it, sometimes the desire is so strong that is can change someone’s life. Eragon has a desire to avenge his Uncle Garrow’s death after the Ra’zac brutally murders him. This eventually changes his life, because of chasing the killers. And what would give him more satisfaction than hunting down the strangers? †(pg. 93) He asks Saphira how he can satisfy himself, then realizes hunting them down and killing them would be the only way to achieve total satisfaction for his burning desire to avenge his uncle as well as finally feeling the sense of accomplishment of the commitment he made. Eragon has a desire to become the very best he can at magic, and swordsmanship, this pushes him to become the best so he can fend off for himself and not rely on others to help him. It is time for you to use the blade We’ll cut each other to ribbons Not so. Again you forget magic† (pg. 159) This is when Eragon and Brom have their daily sparring, where Brom teaches Eragon how to fight with a sword and magic, his desire to become the best shows when he wants to learn something new every time they spar. After seeing Arya imprisoned in his dreams, he is determined and has a desire to rescue her. Arya, who ends up being the elf that sent the egg to Eragon in the first place. â€Å"I expect the queen’s hostility will abate. The fact you rescued Arya will greatly help our case with her† (pg. 410) The queen is somewhat against having a dragon rider joining the Varden, but because he had a desire to rescue her and risked his life saving Arya, the queen allows Eragon to join. Sometimes in life people have to make tough choices that will positively or negatively affect others around them. The choices we make can change our and other people’s lives forever, there are many things that may change how our life is played out, coincidences, decisions, and desires just being a few.

Building A BJT Amplifier Engineering Essay

Building A BJT Amplifier Engineering Essay Students were required to research and design a BJT Amplifier. This amplifier was to be built in the laboratory and tested to verify specifications. Calculations for resistors and capacitors were done and theoretical values were obtained. The circuit was built using Multisim 7 and then simulated to obtain practical values for resistors and capacitors. This is called DC Analysis. When the circuit met the required specifications, building of the BJT Amplifier could begin. Testing of the BJT Amplifier was done using the Feedback FG601 Function Generator which provided an input and a Tektronix 2205 Oscilloscope which showed the output waveform. Also, the Fluke 177 Multi-meter was used when checking for quiescent voltages and currents. The voltage gain, maximum symmetrical swing and the lower cut-off frequency for the BJT Amplifier was tested. The results obtained during tested were compared with the simulated and theoretical results. Success of the BJT Amplifier can only be achieved when the tested values duplicate that of the given specifications. The report that follows records calculations performed, circuits designed and the results of the tests that was done on the BJT Amplifier. List of Abbreviations Voltage gain BJT Bipolar Junction Transistor Current gain Input Impedance Base current Collector current Current across resistor Current across resistor Current across the original emitter resistor Current across the new emitter resistor Current across the unbypassed resistor Resistor used in the potential divider Collector resistor Resistor used in the potential divider Original emitter resistor New emitter resistor (bypassed) Unbypassed resistor Load resistor Base emitter voltage Voltage across the collector and emitter Input voltage Output voltage Voltage across resistor Voltage across the collector resistor Voltage across resistor Voltage across the original emitter resistor Voltage across the new emitter resistor Voltage across the bypassed resistor Introduction It is known that transistors are widely used in electronic devices. This design project is ideal as it enables students to get practical experience in the designing of electrical devices. The practical and theoretical knowledge needed for this design project challenges students as they have to validate calculated values and explain why each process was done. Since the BJT Amplifier has to be designed theoretically, students will understand the limitations provided by the equipment. They will also grasp an appreciation of the simulated circuit model as it relates to the tests performed on the circuit. The theory from Electronics provided valuable knowledge in designing the BJT amplifier. Support was given from lectures based from Engineering Skills and Applications. The practical knowledge was covered in previous laboratory exercises which were designated to familiarizing students with the various equipments. Also, demonstrations were provided by the technicians on the use of the breadboard which is the core building block of the BJT amplifier. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Transistors are important components used in technological devices around the world. Computers, cell phones, and radios are some of the many devices that require transistors as part of their circuit. The transistor is a three terminal, solid state electronic device. In a three terminal device we can control electric current or voltage between two of the terminals by applying an electric current or voltage to the third terminal. This three terminal character of the transistor is what allows us to make an amplifier for electrical signals, like the one in our radio. (cited) The three terminals are the collector terminal, the base terminal and the emitter terminal. There are three possible configurations of a transistor; the common collector, common base and the common collector. In the common emitter amplifier configuration, the emitter terminal is common to both the input and output circuits. The current gain does not have any effect on the collector current , or the collector-emitter voltage . A quiescent point is the operating point of a device which when applied to a device, causes it to operate in a desired fashion. It also refers to the dc conditions of a circuit without an input signal. The Q-point is sometimes indicated on the output characteristics curves for a transistor amplifier. There are different biasing arrangements associated with transistor configurations. These include; simple bias, self stabilizing bias, and H-type bias. The simple bias circuit consists of a fixed bias resistor and a fixed load resistor. For this bias design, the transistor configuration being used is the common emitter. The dc current gain or beta, is the ratio of the dc collector current to the dc base current. This simple bias circuit is similar to the self bias circuit with one difference: the base resistor is returned to the transistor collector instead of the supply voltage. If the transistor used had a high current gain, then the collector voltage would fall. As is connected to the collector then the base current would be reduced to counter the effect. If the transistor had a low value of beta, then the collector voltage would rise. This in turn provides more base current for the transistor to conduct harder and stabilize the q-point. H-TYPE BIASING is the most widely used biasing scheme in general electronics. For a single stage amplifier this circuit offers the best resilience against changes in temperature and device characteristics. The disadvantage is that a couple of extra resistors are required, but this is outweighed by the advantage of excellent stability. The circuits below: The quiescent points are usually fixed for varying collector currents in H-type biasing. If increases, then this will result in an increase in . This increase in the emitter current will flow through the emitter resistor and from the equation V=IR, the voltage across the resistor will increase. This increase in voltage across the emitter resistor will reduce the effective base-emitter voltage resulting in an increase in the stability of the collector current. Also, this type of biasing introduces a potential divider situation, where resistors R1 and R2 fix the base potential of the transistor. With H-type bias, maximum symmetrical sw ing can be calculated. Design OBJECTIVES Various specifications for the design of the BJT Amplifier were given by the rubric. The specifications given are listed in the following; The Voltage Gain must be 50 The Lower Cut-off Frequency must be below 100Hz The BJT Amplifier must be capable of driving a 100KÃŽÂ © load A 15V supply voltage must be used as the source The output voltage must have maximum symmetrical swing A 2N3904 Transistor must be used CHOOSING CONFIGURATION The following transistor configuration comparison chart shows the different types of configurations; Common Emitter Common Base Common Collector (Sedra Smith, 2007) AMPLIFIER TYPE    COMMON BASE      COMMON EMITTER      COMMON EMITTER (Emitter Resistor)      COMMON COLLECTOR (Emitter Follower)   Ã‚  Ã‚   INPUT/OUTPUT PHASE RELATIONSHIP 0 ° 180 ° 180 ° 0 ° VOLTAGE GAIN HIGH MEDIUM MEDIUM LOW CURRENT GAIN LOW  Ã‚ ¡ MEDIUM MEDIUM  Ã‚ ¢ HIGH POWER GAIN LOW HIGH HIGH MEDIUM INPUT RESISTANCE LOW MEDIUM MEDIUM HIGH OUTPUT RESISTANCE HIGH MEDIUM MEDIUM LOW The common emitter transistor amplifier configuration was chosen and not the common base configuration as the common base configuration produces a voltage gain but generates no current gain between the input and the output signals. (Doug Gingrich, 1999) The following figure shows the general configuration of the common emitter transistor amplifier configuration; Figure 1: General configuration of the common emitter transistor amplifier configuration Methodology DC Analysis The function of the DC Analysis is to allow DC biasing of the design to be verified. The DC biasing does not involve capacitors as DC is not transmitted by capacitors. The DC design is mainly used to establish the Q-points in the circuit. Q-points are the operating points in the circuit for which the transistor will perform at optimum performance. The circuit used for the DC Analysis is shown in the following diagram; Figure 2: Circuit used for DC Analysis Choosing and Before DC Analysis could be done, the various components which will be used in the circuit need to be calculated. These components are; , , , . From the specifications given, the voltage supply has a value of 15V and this is used to power the circuit. Before the values of these components could be calculated, the quiescent currents must be known, as well as the current flowing through the potential divider resistor . The data sheet used is based on the 2N3904 transistor. A range for the collector current is given, within which the transistor will operate with optimum performance. Using the Base Emitter ON Voltage vs Collector Current graph found on the data sheet, a value of was read off. The graph used is shown in the following diagram; Figure 3: Graph used to find a collector current The transistor will be built in an environment where the temperature is approximately 25. Hence the 25 line on the graph was used a reference line. From the data sheet, the Base Emitter ON Voltage was given as 0.65V. Hence, using the 25 line and reading off a voltage of 0.65V, the collector current was found to be 1. The base voltage , of the transistor depends on the current flowing through the potential divider. i.e. the current sets the base of the transistor and hence the value of . Any change in the resistance or gain of the transistor would result in an unwanted change in the base current . Also, the potential divider resistors contribute to the input impedance of the amplifier. This input impedance needs to be much more than the output impedance of the function generator. Hence, this is another reason to keep small. was chosen as Calculating The emitter resistor voltage , must be chosen accordingly as this voltage will affect the stability, maximum symmetrical swing and the gain of the amplifier. This voltage should be chosen such that it is greater than the base emitter voltage of the transistor. As mentioned before, the base emitter voltage as taken from the data sheet is 0.65V. This is to ensure that the emitter resistor voltage will not be significantly affected by small changes in . This condition would increase the stability of the transistor. For maximum symmetrical voltage swing, the emitter resistor voltage should be as small as possible. The base current and the collector current will both flow out of the common emitter terminal. Hence, for to remain constant, the base current must be as small as possible to allow negligible current to flow through the base terminal. Assuming the variation possible across the emitter and collector resistors caused variations in is , is calculated using the following equation; (1) The emitter resistor was calculated using the following equation; (2) Calculating From previous statements, For maximum symmetrical swing, half of the remaining voltage should be dropped across the collector resistor . The maximum symmetrical output voltage is calculated using the following equation; (3) Therefore, the voltage across the collector emitter terminal and the collector resistor is 6.75V. From the data sheet, the maximum device dissipation for the NPN 2N3904 transistor is at 25. Since all the power dissipation occurs at the collector junction for the active region, the following equation must be satisfied; (4) This is the range for which the transistor will operate with optimum performance. The power dissipated in the transistor from equation (4) is; , which is well within the specified range. A value for the component was found using the following equation; (5) Calculating and The current flows through the resistor . The value of is calculated using the following equation; (6) Since the current approaches a junction, it splits into and . flows through the potential divider resistor and flows to the base terminal. As previously stated, the base current, must not affect the base voltage by much. Hence the base current is considered negligible and all the current from is assumed to flow through . Hence, is calculated using the following equation; (7) Since some of the component values calculated was not available in stores, the closest value had to be chosen. The standard value that was chosen for each component is shown in the following table; Resistor Calculated Value/ Standard Value/ 6.75 6.8 1.5 1.5 128.5 130 21.5 24 Table 1: Standard values chosen for resistors Calculation of Input Impedance of transistor From the design specifications listed above, the lower cut off frequency must be below 100Hz. Also, as a value for was found using a graph of Current Gain vs Collector Current from the data sheet, a value for was found. The graph used is shown in the following diagram; For a collector current of 1, a gain of 130 was read off from the graph. But since this gain is above the required voltage gain of 50, certain calculations had to be done to reduce this gain and these calculations will be shown in due course. The following equation is used to calculate the input impedance of the transistor; (8) Calculation of Voltage Gain in the Circuit The following equation was used to calculate the voltage gain of the circuit; (9) Calculation of The required voltage gain of the transistor is 50. Hence, in order to reduce this gain, resistors are usually bypassed with the aid of capacitors. In this particular case, the only resistor that needs to be bypassed is the emitter resistor. Using the AC equivalent circuit, the following equation will be used to calculate the value of the unbypassed resistor; (10) where is the unbypassed emitter resistor is From the specification sheet given, is Calculation of new emitter resistor But Hence, if is split into two resistors and , then is found from the following; (11) As there are no standard 1.4kà °Ã‚ Ã…“ ´ resistor is the stores, was used as 1.5kà °Ã‚ Ã…“ ´. The following table illustrates the standard emitter resistors; Resistor Calculated Value/ Standard Value/ 100 100 1400 1500 Table 2: Standard values chosen for emitter resistors CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS Figure 4: Diagram showing circuit analyzed The following circuit calculations involve the standard component values and is based on the circuit in the above diagram.. These circuit calculations show the theoretical value of the quiescent currents and voltages. Theoretical values occur due to the circuit being under ideal conditions. The voltage gain of this circuit will be calculated as well as the maximum symmetrical output voltage across the transistor. The calculations are as follows; which flows through the collector resistor Using the potential divider rule; The voltage drop across is the same as, as both resistors are in parallel. was found on the data sheet as specified previously as . Under ideal conditions, it is assumed that is negligible when compared with as stated previously. for small changes in where is 130 since negligible current flows into the base terminal AC ANALYSIS The AC Analysis is used to calculate the components which would not have worked under DC biasing. These components are , and . If placed in the DC circuit, the capacitors would act as an open circuit, not allowing any current to flow. Also, the input and output impedance of the circuit was calculated. Circuits Used The following circuit was used in the AC Analysis; Figure 5: Circuit used for AC Analysis The following figure illustrates the AC equivalent of the above circuit; Zout Zin Figure 6: Ac equivalent of circuit shown in figure 5 Calculation of Capacitors The capacitor values can now be calculated using the following equation; (12) where is the reactance of the circuit f is the frequency C is the capacitance The capacitors behavior is defined in terms of reactance. The reactance of a capacitor is the ratio of the voltage to the current. The equation relating the reactance to the capacitance is given in equation (12). is the total input impedance of the capacitor (13) where is the input impedance , as the input is taken from the ground to the output terminals of the function generator. (14) Using equation 12; But from the specification sheet, f must be less than 100Hz. f 100 (15) Calculation of For the input coupling capacitor ; Calculation of For the output coupling capacitor ; Where is and Calculation of For the bypass capacitor ; where (16) But As stores does not have these calculated capacitor values, the following standard capacitors were used; Capacitor Calculated Value/ Standard Value/ 0.175 10 0.234 10 14.985 100 Table 3: Standard values chosen for capacitors CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS The following circuit calculations involve the standard component values and are based on the circuit shown in figure 3. These circuit calculations show the theoretical value of the quiescent currents and voltages. Theoretical values occur due to the circuit being under ideal conditions. The voltage gain of this circuit will be calculated as well as the maximum symmetrical output voltage across the transistor. The calculations are as follows; which flows through the collector resistor Using the potential divider rule; (17) The voltage drop across is the same as, as both resistors are in parallel. was found on the data sheet as specified previously as . (18) (19) Under ideal conditions, it is assumed that is negligible when compared with as stated previously. (20) for small changes in (21) where is 130 (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) since negligible current flows into the base terminal Figure 6 was used as a reference point to calculate the voltage gain and input impedance of the circuit. Equation (10) was used to calculate the voltage gain of the circuit; The maximum output voltage swing without clipping is calculated as using the following equation; (33) The following equation is used to calculate the input impedance of the circuit; (34) For simplification in calculation, (35) (36) COMPUTER SIMULATION DC Analysis This design was tested theoretically in the previous section and must now be tested on a computer simulation program. The simulation program used to simulate this circuit is Multisim 7. This software creates the circuit design and simulates the circuit practically and not theoretically. All quiescent voltages and currents were determined as well as the cut-off frequency, voltage gain and maximum symmetrical output voltage. The graph analyzer tool on the Multisim program was used to display these graphs. The following figure illustrates the simulation done for the DC Analysis; Voltage Gain The following circuit was used to observe the voltage gain of the BJT Amplifier; Figure 7: Showing circuit used for DC AnalysisThe voltage gain of the simulated circuit is the ratio of the maximum output voltage to the maximum input voltage. The voltage gain of the circuit is given by the equation; The following figure shows the settings used on the oscilloscope to obtain an input and output waveform; The maximum output and input signals was read off from the graph above using the Interpolator Line. Using the above equation, the voltage gain of the circuit was determined as follows; The following figure illustrates the bode plot obtained from the simulation; This graph was used to find the gain of the circuit using the following equation; From the above equation, the gain, in decibels is related to the above equation. Using the Interpolator Line, the gain, was determined to be 34.34. Hence the voltage gain was calculated as follows; The above calculation indicates that the design circuit would produce a satisfactory gain of approximately 50. Therefore the graph in figure 10 confirms that the design would produce a voltage gain of approximately 50. Cut-off Frequency The following bode plot was used to determine the lower cut-off frequency; The figure above was used to determine the lower-cut off frequency of the circuit. The lower-cut off frequency is the frequency at which the gain of the circuit decreases by 3 decibels. The Interpolator Line was placed at a gain of 30.861decibels, as this is the gain which corresponds to the lower-cut off frequency. The lower-cut off frequency was determined to be approximately . This lower cut-off frequency is much less than 100Hz and thus it meets the required specification. The following bode plot was used to determine the upper cut-off frequency; The figure above was used to determine the upper -cut off frequency of the circuit. The Interpolator Line was placed at a gain of 30.816 decibels, as this is the gain which corresponds to the upper-cut off frequency. The upper-cut off frequency was determined to be approximately . Lab Results The final test done on the designed circuit was done in the year 1 laboratory. The actual resistances and capacitances of the standard components used were measured using the LCR meter. The following table illustrates the measured resistances; Resistor Standard Resistance/ Measured Resistance/ Tolerance/% Lower Tolerance/ Upper Tolerance/ 6.8 6.7638 5 6.46 7.14 1.5 1.503 5 1.425 1.575 100 99.81 5 95 105 130 129.95 5 123.5 136.5 24 23.529 5 22.8 25.2 100 kÃŽÂ © 99.233 5 95 105 TABLE 6: Measured resistances AND THEIR TOLERANCE RANGE The following table illustrates the measured capacitances; Capacitor Standard Value/ Measured Value/ TABLE 8: Showing Measured capacitances used in the laboratory The BJT Amplifier was then built on the solder less breadboard. The DC LQD-421 dual power supply and the function generator were used to supply the input voltages. The following diagram shows the circuit built; As seen above, the capacitors were connected across their respective resistors and the Feedback FG 601 function generator was connected to the input capacitor. Before measuring the quiescent points of the circuit, tests had to be done to ensure that the required gain of 50 was achieved. This was done by connecting a Tektronix 2205 dual trace oscilloscope to the AC bias circuit. The channel 1 lead was connected to the input signal via the input capacitor and the channel 2 lead was connected across the output signal via the load. The settings on the Feedback FG 601 function generator were set to produce a 1kHz sine wave with an amplitude of . The channels on the Tektronix 2205 dual trace oscilloscope were grounded and the signals centered. The DC LQD-421 dual power supply was turned on and set to 15V and the Feedback FG 601 function generator and the Tektronix 2205 dual trace oscilloscope also turned on. The channels were switched to AC and the input and output sine waves appeared on the screen. To obtain a clear waveform on the screen, the following settings were used on the Tektronix 2205 dual trace oscilloscope; The Volts/Div setting was set at The channel 1 setting was set at The channel 2 setting was set at The two waveforms were then used to determine the voltage gain of the BJT Amplifier. Using the following equation; The upper and lower cut-off frequencies were found for the BJT Amplifier. This was done by varying the frequency on the Feedback FG 601 function generator and plotting a graph of Gain vs Frequency. The range used for the Feedback FG 601 function generator was; 10Hz 100Hz for lower cut-off frequency The following table illustrates the frequency and gain for lower cut-off frequency; Frequency/Hz Input/mV Output/V Gain 10 0.01 5 50 20 0.01 5 50 30 0.01 5 50 40 0.01 5 50 50 0.01 5 50 60 0.01 5 50 70 0.01 4.8 48 80 0.01 4.6 46 90 0.01 4.2 42 100 0.01 2.6 26 Table4: showing frequencies used to get varying gain The lower cut-off gain was calculated from the equation; The original setting on the Feedback FG 601 function generator was set so that the maximum symmetrical swing of the BJT Amplifier could be determined using the Tektronix 2205 dual trace oscilloscope. This was done by increasing the frequency of the Feedback FG 601 function generator until clipping of the output waveform was seen. It was noted that the BJT Amplifier did not have maximum symmetrical swing as the negative peak of the waveform started clipping after the positive peak waveform. Hence, the positive swing and negative swing was calculated as shown in the following; Positive swing; Negative swing; The maximum voltage swing was found to be; The original setting on the Feedback FG 601 function generator was set as the effect of removing the bypass capacitor was explored. The equipment was first turned off for safety purposes and the bypass capacitor removed. The equipments was then turned on and the settings on the Tektronix 2205 dual trace oscilloscope configured to obtain a measurable waveform. The gain was then calculated using equation (>>>>). Hence, it can be stated that the gain of the BJT Amplifier decreased considerably when the bypass capacitor was removed. The maximum symmetrical swing for the amplifier was then tested. This was done as follows; The frequency of the Feedback FG 601 function generator was increased until clipping occurred. It was seen that maximum symmetrical swing was not observed as the negative peak of the waveform started clipping before the positive waveform. Hence the swing was calculated for both the positive waveform and the negative waveform. The calculations are as follows; Positive swing; Negative swing; The maximum voltage swing was found to be; The Tektronix 2205 dual trace oscilloscope was disconnected from the circuit and the Fluke 177 Multi-meter was used to measure the quiescent points of the circuit. The probes were placed across the different points and their readings were recorded. The Fluke 177 Multi-meter was set at when measuring currents and at DC voltage when measuring voltages. The DC voltage setting was used as the AC would not yield measurable readings. To measure the quiescent currents, wires were stripped and attached to the leads of the probes. The circuit had to be broken at the quiescent current point being measured. Then the wire attached to the probe was inserted into the solder less breadboard so that the wire was in series with the component removed. The removed component was placed where it was originally to ensure continuity in the circuit. This was repeated at all quiescent points. The following table illustrates the measured currents; The following table illustrates the measured currents; Current Value/ TABLE 5: AC ANALYSIS OF CIRCUIT The following table illustrates the measured voltages; Voltage Value/ 0.676 TABLE 4: AC ANALYSIS Quiescent Values Currents I / mA Voltages V / V Calculated Simulated Measured Current I / mA Voltage V/V Current I / mA Voltage V/V Current I / mA Voltage V/V 0.65 0.663 0.676 DISCUSSION The BJT Amplifier was built using the common emitter configuration. It was H-type biased to increase the stability in the transistor. Also, as is affected with temperature a change, the H-type biasing configuration ensures that changes in is minimal. Also, the resistors used were made from carbon. This means that the resistors are not required to have high temperature stability. Without a biasing arrangement, the BJT amplifier will not turn on because it will not be in the operating region according to the specifications (Boylestad, Nashelsky, 1987). The differences in values for quiescent points obtained can be explained because the calculated and simulated values were found under ideal conditions. The component values used varied from the standard values

The Portrayal of Family in Charles Dickens David Copperfield Essay

The Portrayal of Family in Charles Dickens' David Copperfield DECLARATION OF INTEGRITY. I declare that this study is my own and does not contain any unacknowledged work from any source. CONTEXT INTRODUCTION. 4 1. COPPERFIELDS (SENIOUR): Dicken’s pattern of 6 happy marriage. 2. DAVID&DORA’S MARRIAGE: the reasons of spiritual 8 separation in the family. 3. DAVID&AGNES’S MARRIAGE: Dicken’s ideal of 12 marriage 4. MR.MURDSTONE&CLARA: opposite to Dicken’s ideal 14 Of happy marriage. 5. MICAWBERS: the main components of 16 happy marriage. 6. MR.BARKIS&PEGGOTTY: the importance of women's wisdom 20 CONCLUSION 22 BIBLIOGRATHY 23 INTRODUCTION David Copperfield became my favorite of all Dickens' novels. Although the novel is rather long ( 736 pages) I have read it in one gulp for the actions that take place in the novel are developed so dynamically that the process of reading itself was like taking a piece of sweet cake. It evoked in me a lot of emotions and I really have been crying and laughing together with the heroes of this novel. The affect of the book on me was so great that I that was even thinking of it days and nights. That is the reason why I have chosen this book for my term paper in order to develop the theme â€Å"Family in Charles Dickens' novel ‘David Copperfield’ †. Charles Dickens is one of the most popular and ingenious writers of the XIX century. He is the author of many novels. Due to reach personal experience Dickens managed to create vivid images of all kinds of people: kind and cruel ones, of the oppressed and the oppressors. Deep, wise psychoanalysis, irony, perhaps some of the sentimentalism place the reader not only in the position of spectator but also of the participant of situations that happen to Dickens’ heroes. Dickens makes the reader to think, to laugh and to cry together with his heroes throughout his books. â€Å"David Copperfield† was Dickens' favorite creation. The novel reflects writer’s own life – his autobiography. The image and character of David Copperfield corresponds to the image and character of Dickens himself. The range of personages of the novel recalls to us people which were close to Dickens: Micowber is comical portrait of John Dickens, the father of the author; the image of Dora – is the exact copy of the Marry Bindel – the first sweet-heart of the writer; David’s seeking in marri... ... the novel, â€Å"Of all my books I like this the best†. Likewise legion readers have come to agree with the author’s own conclusion. In my paper I tried to trace Dicken's messages and lessons he teaches the reader on the family issue. By masterly usage of the language the author manages to portray good and bad images in order for us to be able to chose which way to follow and which one to avoid. The principles and components of happy marriage that the author is trying to share with us are simple but at the same time ingenious. I firmly believe that this book is highly useful for young people and should be included in the list of books compulsory for reading in the University. BIBLIOGRATHY *1. Dickens Charles.†David Copperfield†, Wordsworth Edition Ltd., Denmark, 1992, 737 pages. WORKS CONSULTED: *1. Lawrence Crabb. â€Å"Marriage Builder†, Druckhaus Gummersbach,Germany, 1991, 160 pages *2. http://library.utoronto.ca/www/dickens/crit/il.html *3. http://www.glug.com/homework/copperfield.html *4. http://www.nagoya.-u.ac.jp.dickens.html *5. http://www.mitsuka.dickens.crit.html *6 Jammy Broke "Notes on 'David Copperfield'", Cambridge University Press, 1991, 50 pages.

a day in my life :: essays research papers

The Day My Life Changed I stepped through the door to my grandmother and grandfather's home without even aknock. My grandpa looked up from the television he was watching, from his cozy comer chair.He had a head of snowy white hair gleaming in the room. Over his broad body, hung a navy bluedress shirt and a fuzzy cardigan sweater. He wore slacks, held up awkwardly by a belt, allowinghis small potbelly to hang over it. His face showed the years of worry and stress, and his whitebushy eyebrows and growing second chin showed his old age. His smile greeted me. As I drewclose to him, his aging arms reached out and wrapped around my body and pulled me into a warmloving hug. As he released me from the hug, I said, "Grandpa, I have some news I want you tohear" as I plopped down in the chair beside him. "I wanted to let you know that I am getting married," I told him.The room was left in a dead silence, frozen for a brief period of time, as we recovered from the intensity of the news I had brought him. Reaching for the remote to turn off the television, my grandfather looked at me. Before he could say a word, the excitement of an unseen grandmother came from the kitchen.Both our eyes looked toward the cheerful light and the sounds of my grandmother's excitemen tAs the excitement faded away, his eyes turned toward mine. Awaiting his comments, my eyes were open wide. Excitement had filled my body, because of the news I had just brought him."Wonderful, go ahead and tell me all about it," he exclaimed.Well, I woke up this morning just as I always do, but this time it was to the ringing of the phone. I reached for the phone and said "Hello," and on the other end was my boyfriend. He said he needed to see me as soon as possible, so I said "OK," and went to meet him. When I arrived at his house, he met me at the door and asked me to come in and have a seat on the couch, I was a little worried at this time. I sit down on the couch and he kneeled down in front of me on one knee, I just looked at him knowing now, what he was up to. This is what he said, "I know wehave been through a lot here lately, but I also kn ow that we can go through a lot more as long as

Leadership reflection Essay

When I think about leadership, I never realized how important it is to critically analyze and reflect on how true or authentic you are as a leader. When I think of myself in a leadership position, at that moment I do not critically analyze how I am performing as a leader. I am caught up in my own world worrying about how people portray me as, are they willing to follow my lead? Am I appropriately dressed for the occasion? or just simply do they like me? I think these are the worries and insecurities that get in the way of me analyzing my true leadership skills. There are also several insecurities that get in the way of me engaging in true, authentic self reflection. One of my major fear/roadblock is trying to be a person I am not; in other words not being true to myself. Trying to live up to an expectation, whether around family or friends, there is a certain pressure or a legacy you are trying to keep that gets in the way of truly reflecting. It doesn’t matter if you have failed or not, it’s that constant reminder or you are trying to convince yourself that you can be that person your family or friends want you to be. I think personal reflection is crucial for leaders. I believe that in order to increase a leader’s competence, leaders have to continuously grow, learn, and reflect. In order to do that, you have to be true to yourself. In high school, I used to teach young children at a Hindi school every Sunday. Being in that environment and seeing how much of a positive impact I have on these young kids inspired me to lead in other aspects in my life. Having the opportunity to shape and mold these children into great role models, really gave me an insight on how important it is to have a role model/leader to look up to. That experience really sparked my interest in becoming a leader. I think being able to directly impact someone’s life for their betterment is empowering. Overall, I think all leaders are committed to make their group, organization, company, etc. a better place. As I begin to speculate what makes me who I am that gets in the way of me exercising my leadership skills effectively, a few things come to mind. The first thing, again, it is my fear of turning or becoming into someone I am not without me realizing. I know in order to be a good leader you need to be a good follower. I fear while following, I follow a person who leads me to be a person that I am unhappy with. I think with that issue also comes a problem with trust. I should trust the person I am following and when I don’t understand, question to understand why things are done a certain way. Like the cadet said,† Some of the most prevalent barriers I notice in myself are: fear, desire for acceptance, desire to make everyone happy, not willing to take risks and previous ideas of what leaders should do and how they should act† are the same barriers that I face being a leader. Along with those, I have a fear of being left out. It is crucial to identify these barriers and be aware of them so you can slowly try to overcome them and not let them get in the way of you being an effective leader. View as multi-pages